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anac1.html

Left hand from behind [image: 1760103624953-9f4ae09c-23ed-4f41-907e-e8b42e8dac62-image.png] 11 Extensor pollicis brevis. 12 Extensor pollicis longus. 6 Extensor carpi radialis longus. [image: 1760103624953-9f4ae09c-23ed-4f41-907e-e8b42e8dac62-image.png] 5 Extensor carpi radialis brevis. 9 Extensor digitorum 10 Extensor indicis [image: 1760103624953-9f4ae09c-23ed-4f41-907e-e8b42e8dac62-image.png] 8 Extensor digiti minimi 14 First dorsal interosseous 16 Second dorsal interosseous answers[image: 1760103639333-44029a07-c8b5-4502-b891-25e7ee396749-image.png]

Anterior [image: 1757607222780-090205a8-dc19-4036-baa6-c265e07a8591-image.png] Spoiler [image: 1757606977748-a7046645-fb1e-41d8-9a6a-60a411ec8218-image.png] Posterior [image: 1757606627233-8bb534ad-b401-4a07-8b0c-8ee290285be8-image.png] Spoiler[image: 1757606789866-c65988de-927e-49f3-a303-5fab5b16c349-image.png]

Station Topic: Brain Anatomy – Internal Carotid Artery Question (20 marks) [image: 1759597375048-2ab79662-441a-40de-b185-1c9d05240885-image.png] You are asked to demonstrate your knowledge of the internal carotid artery (ICA) and its relation to brain anatomy. Identify and describe the course of the internal carotid artery from the neck to the brain. (5 marks) Spoiler1 The ICA arises from the common carotid artery at the level of C3–C4 vertebrae. Cervical segment: Ascends vertically in the neck without branching. Petrous segment: Enters the carotid canal in the petrous temporal bone; runs anteromedially. Cavernous segment: Courses through the cavernous sinus; forms an S-shaped curve (the carotid siphon). Cerebral (supraclinoid) segment: Exits the cavernous sinus and pierces the dura mater at the roof of the cavernous sinus to enter the subarachnoid space; gives terminal branches to the brain. Tip: Remember mnemonic “Cervical, Petrous, Cavernous, Cerebral” to recall ICA segments. 2 List and explain the main branches of the internal carotid artery in the cranial cavity. (5 marks) SpoilerOphthalmic artery: First branch; supplies the orbit and optic nerve. Posterior communicating artery (PComm): Connects ICA to posterior cerebral artery; part of Circle of Willis. Anterior choroidal artery: Supplies choroid plexus, internal capsule, optic tract. Terminal branches: Anterior cerebral artery (ACA): Medial frontal and parietal lobes. Middle cerebral artery (MCA): Lateral convexity of cerebral hemisphere. Tip: ACA + MCA = terminal branches; remember PComm is part of collateral circulation. 3 Describe the areas of the brain supplied by these branches. (5 marks) SpoilerBranch Area Supplied Ophthalmic Eye, orbit, optic nerve Posterior communicating Connects ICA to posterior cerebral artery; collateral supply to occipital lobe Anterior choroidal Posterior limb of internal capsule, optic tract, globus pallidus, choroid plexus Anterior cerebral (ACA) Medial frontal and parietal lobes; leg motor/sensory cortex Middle cerebral (MCA) Lateral convexity of hemisphere; face and upper limb motor/sensory cortex, Broca/Wernicke areas Clinical Relevance of ICA (5 marks) Outline the clinical relevance of the internal carotid artery. Include at least two common pathologies and their implications. SpoilerAtherosclerosis / ICA stenosis: Can cause transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs) or stroke in MCA/ACA territories. Risk factors: hypertension, diabetes, smoking. Aneurysm formation: Common at bifurcation into MCA and ACA or posterior communicating artery. May cause subarachnoid haemorrhage or cranial nerve III palsy if PComm involved. Other considerations: SpoilerICA injury during carotid endarterectomy. Compression by tumours (e.g., pituitary adenoma in cavernous sinus) → ophthalmoplegia.

Right humerus lower end, A) Front B) Behind [image: 1760100719273-504353c4-52fc-4100-b8c5-d7b78397d7f0-image.png] 2 Capitulum. 5 Lateral epicondyle. 13 Trochlea. [image: 1760100719273-504353c4-52fc-4100-b8c5-d7b78397d7f0-image.png] 7 Medial epicondyle. 8 Medial supracondyle ridge 10 Olecranon fossa.

Explain the steps in Resuscitation and Monitoring (5 marks)

@admin said in Station - parotid gland: Parasympathetic Parasympathetic (secretomotor) innervation The parasympathetic supply increases the production of watery saliva. Its pathway is long and complex, beginning with the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX). Origin: The preganglionic parasympathetic fibers arise from the inferior salivatory nucleus in the brainstem. Course: The fibers travel along the glossopharyngeal nerve and a small branch called the tympanic nerve, which passes through the middle ear. Synapse: The fibers continue as the lesser petrosal nerve and synapse in the otic ganglion, which is a collection of nerve cell bodies near the base of the skull. Supply: The postganglionic fibers then "hitchhike" along the auriculotemporal nerve (a branch of the trigeminal nerve) to reach and innervate the parotid gland. (Hence sometimes post parotidectomy when the great auricular nerve is sacrified or injured - it causes Frey's syndrome - where regenerating of parasympathetic fibers accidentally "rewire" themselves to connect with the sympathetic pathways that lead to the skin's sweat glands and blood vessels Sympathetic innervation The sympathetic supply reduces saliva production, causing a thicker, more viscous saliva via vasoconstriction. • The postganglionic sympathetic fibers originate from the superior cervical ganglion and travel to the gland along the external carotid artery. Sensory innervation The parotid gland receives its sensory supply from two nerves. • Auriculotemporal nerve: This nerve provides general sensory innervation directly to the substance of the gland. • Great auricular nerve: This nerve, a branch of the cervical plexus (C2 and C3), supplies the sensory innervation to the tough fascia or capsule of the parotid gland.

Identify 1-5 [image: 1745845181617-pelvi.png] 1Inguinal ligament 2Obturator membrane 3Anterior longitudinal ligament 4Iliolumbar ligament 5Lacunar ligament

Differential Diagnosis Acute Pancreatitis Pancreatic collection Pancreatic pseudocyst Acute Cholecystitis Ascending cholangitis Cause of tachypnea ARDS Abdominal pain Pressure from Pseudocyst Sign of sepsis Respiratory complication such as pleural effusion Functions of Pancreas Endocrine -Alpha - glucagon -Beta - Insulin -Delta - Somatostatin Exocrine -Proteases -Lipolytic -Starch digestion Definition of acute pancreatitis Acute pancreatitis is a condition where the pancreas becomes inflamed (swollen) over a short period of time