iSURG

Treatments: Medications:
Anticholinergics: These drugs (e.g., oxybutynin, tolterodine) block the action of acetylcholine on the bladder, reducing involuntary contractions.
Beta-3 adrenergic agonists: Medications like mirabegron work by relaxing the bladder muscle and increasing its capacity.
Topical estrogen (for postmenopausal women): This can help improve bladder function by strengthening the tissues in the urinary tract.

Invasive Treatments (if medications are ineffective):
Botulinum toxin (Botox) injections: Injecting Botox into the bladder muscle can temporarily paralyze it, reducing involuntary contractions.

I had to google Overton window, (I learnt something) and your comment sounds plausible

The carina is the most important structure for the cough reflex.

Reasoning:

The cough reflex is primarily triggered by irritation of the carina, which is the point where the trachea bifurcates into the main bronchi. This region has a high density of mechanoreceptors that are extremely sensitive to stimuli such as dust, smoke, or secretions. When these receptors are activated, they send signals via the vagus nerve to the cough center in the medulla, initiating the reflex.

While the larynx, oropharynx, and bronchi also contain sensory receptors that can trigger a cough, the carina is the most sensitive and crucial structure for this reflex.

Most important structure for the cough reflex? @admin@isurg.org

Oropharynx
Larynx
Carina
Bronchi

I was involved in some research making implants using in part, patients hair as a matrix, and I made the 'mistake' or misconception that I think may also be here.
That being the concept of it being the 'patients own tissues', and therefore better.
However for these more inert tissue types there is no advantage, and you have the disadvantage of not selecting an inert material that might be have more optimal properties, and doesn't require harvesting.
So in this example, an artifical bone material, if implanted in the same fashion, would respond in the same way. The notion of it coming from a patients own tooth enamel, might give a 'feel good factor', but in histological terms, does not have the biological advantage you might think it has.

Dolphins have blow holes, theyre mamals right?

Your post made me laugh, a number of times. Which country are you in? Not UK NHS I guess?
You must be quite techy minded to be on this Fediverse already, I feel like I have some catching up to do!

Are you a Psychiatrist? I am doing Graduate Entry Medical training later in life, and because of my age the Tutor says Im better to go into GP or Psychiatry.
But I still want to be a 'proper Doctor' lol

As we know, there is a lot of ridiculous pseudoscience out there.
Type II diabetes is Genetic, (the genetic penetrance much more so than in Type I)
Unfortunately diet modification can only help with Type II for so long.
Conversely, all those people who are told that 'sweet food will give them diabetes', not the case if they dont have the type II gene.

People dont always calculate their total protein intake correctly, because things like wheat (12% protein) and rice and potatoes (3%) have protein although thought of as carbs.
Studies say 50g of protein per day is ok, but some people say more is better, particularly if trying to build muscle mass etc

Can you tell me how to follow people on Lemmy. It doesnt seem possible? Your posts are interesting, so I want to follow you for example, so I see your other posts

I just signed up for @surg@dubvee.org
Is hackertalks your own private instance? Is it difficult to set up own instance?

Is hackertalks a Lemmy or Mastodon instance? Im new to Fediverse so not sure which one is best!

┌∩┐(◣_◢)┌∩┐
Am I reduced to ASCii art in interim, which doesnt work very well?
It seems theres a restriction on posting images for first month of account, is there a way to get that lifted?

Good try, PDA is 1 in 2000 but VSD even more common. Both are failures to 'finish patching up' as you put it. Good analogy!

Both Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) and Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) involve structures in the heart that fail to close as they should. However, they differ in terms of location and function:
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA): This is a blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta in a fetus. It normally closes shortly after birth.
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD): This involves a hole in the septum, the wall that divides the left and right ventricles of the heart. Normally, this wall is completely closed.

Question, of these 6 Heart conditions that can affect babies, which is most prevalent?

1. Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
   The ductus arteriosus is a blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, allowing blood to bypass the lungs during fetal development. Normally, it closes after birth, but in PDA, it remains open (patent), leading to abnormal blood flow.
2. Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
   Description: A VSD is a hole in the wall (septum) between the two lower chambers of the heart (ventricles). This allows blood to flow from the left ventricle (which has oxygenated blood) to the right ventricle (which has deoxygenated blood), disrupting normal circulation.
3. Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)
   Description: In TGA, the positions of the two main arteries leaving the heart (the aorta and the pulmonary artery) are switched. This means that oxygen-poor blood is pumped into the body, while oxygen-rich blood circulates back to the lungs.
4. Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
   Description: An ASD is a hole in the wall (septum) between the two upper chambers of the heart (atria). Blood can flow from the left atrium to the right atrium, potentially causing right-sided heart enlargement and pulmonary hypertension if not treated.
5. Coarctation of the Aorta
   Description: Coarctation of the aorta is a narrowing of the aorta, which obstructs blood flow from the heart to the rest of the body.
6. Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
   Description: TOF is a combination of four heart defects: a VSD, pulmonary stenosis (narrowing of the pulmonary valve), right ventricular hypertrophy (enlargement), and an overriding aorta (which sits over the VSD).