iSURG

Treatments: Medications: Anticholinergics: These drugs (e.g., oxybutynin, tolterodine) block the action of acetylcholine on the bladder, reducing involuntary contractions. Beta-3 adrenergic agonists: Medications like mirabegron work by relaxing the bladder muscle and increasing its capacity. Topical estrogen (for postmenopausal women): This can help improve bladder function by strengthening the tissues in the urinary tract. Invasive Treatments (if medications are ineffective): Botulinum toxin (Botox) injections: Injecting Botox into the bladder muscle can temporarily paralyze it, reducing involuntary contractions.

Acute intermittent porphyria Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is caused by a partial deficiency of the enzyme porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD), also known as hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS), which is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, leading to the accumulation of porphyrin precursors. AIP can be triggered or worsened by hormonal contraceptives, particularly those containing estrogen and/or progesterone, due to the potential for these hormones to increase the activity of an enzyme involved in porphyrin synthesis, leading to a buildup of toxic precursors.