<![CDATA[Mock 9 HCV]]>Stem
A 51-year-old lady admitted in the ward, with persistent & increasing venous ulceration affecting the distal left leg. She is a long-term IVDU. Known to be HCV positive.

What isHepatitis C?

Is inflammation that disrupts hepatocytes and small bile ductules that is caused by virus C via parenteral transmission (e.g., IVDA, unprotected intercourse, needle stick) risk from transfusion is almost non-existent due to screening of blood

Hepatitis C what type virus?

Is a single-stranded RNA virus from family flaviviruses
Hepatitis virus causes acute hepatitis, which may progress to chronic hepatitis
Acute hepatitis presents as jaundice (mixed CB and UCB) with dark urine (due to CB), fever, malaise nausea, and elevated liver enzymes (ALT > AST)
Chronic hepatitis is characterized by symptoms that last > 6 months. With a risk of progression to cirrhosis & HCC

What is the pathological sequence in HCV

Acute Hepatitis
Chronic Hepatitis
Liver cirrhosis & portal hypertension
Liver cell failure
HCC

Most common risk factors for HCV infection?

Intravenous drug abuse
Multiple sex partners
Having had surgery within the last 6 months
Needle stick injury
Multiple contacts with an HCV-infected individual
Employment in the medical or dental field

What is Cirrhosis

End-stage liver damage characterized by disruption of the normal hepatic parenchyma by bands of fibrosis and regenerative nodules of hepatocytes

The most common cause of cirrhosis in the UK?

Chronic Alcoholism

What is most common cause of death in cirrhosis?

Ruptured esophageal varices

Clinical features & Pathological sequence?

Portal hypertension
Ascites
Congestive splenomegaly/hypersplenism
Portosystemic shunts (oesophageal varices, haemorrhoids, and caput medusae)
Hepatorenal syndrome (rapidly developing renal failure secondary to cirrhosis)
Decreased detoxification
Mental status changes, asterixis, and eventual coma (due to raised serum ammonia)
Gynecomastia, spider angiomas and palmar erythema due to hyperestrinism
Jaundice
Decreased protein synthesis
Hypoalbuminemia and oedema
Coagulopathy due to decreased synthesis of clotting factors.
Hepatocellular carcinoma

What is Necrosis:

Necrosis is a form of cell death in which cellular membranes fall apart, and cellular enzymes leak out and ultimately digest the cell
Divided into several types based on gross features
Coagulative necrosis: ischemic infarction of any organ except the brain
Liquefactive necrosis: Brain infarction, Abscess, Pancreatitis
Gangrenous necrosis: dry gangrene, wet gangrene
Caseous necrosis: TB
Fat necrosis: Traumatic in breast, Enzymatic in Pancreatitis
Fibrinoid necrosis: Hypertension
See Gangrene + Mesothelioma station

What is the type of necrosis in HCV?

Coagulative

Types of Candida?

Oral
Vaginal
Cutaneous
Invasive
Oral candida albicans is the most common type (oral thrush) it can grow as yeast, pseudohyphae, or true hyphae

]]>https://isurg.org/topic/441/mock-9-hcvRSS for NodeWed, 22 Jul 2026 00:57:42 GMTWed, 15 Jul 2026 06:56:02 GMT60