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Single Stranded RNA

What are subtypes of HIV

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HIV1
HIV2

How is HIV transmitted

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Through body fluids / blood

What are causes of true and false aneurysm
True:

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Weakening and dilation of vessel wall

False:

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Damage to vessel wall

Difference between True and Pseudoaneurysm
True:

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Involves all 3 layers

False:

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Tunica intima and media
Blood only contained by adventitia

Precautions to stop bleeding

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Wash hands
double glove
Gown, mask, glasses
Stop bleeding by compression of bleeding area

Bleeding not stopped, why?

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Coagulopathy due to depletion of Vit K dependent clotting factors 1972 due to liver
Platelet depletion

Sequence of clotting

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Injury to blood vessels -> platelet aggregation -> platelet plug -> activation of intrinsic pathway then common pathway

Why are clotting factors not working properly?

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Coagulopathy due to depletion Vit K dependent 1972
Low CD4 count in HIV leads to bone marrow failure.

What are the symptoms of cryoglobulinemia & how do they occur?

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Increase blood viscosity → reducing blood flow to tissues → hyperviscosity syndrome (i.e. headache, confusion, blurry or loss of vision, asthenia).
Deposit in small arteries and capillaries thereby → plugging → causing infarction and necrosis of tissues including in particular skin (e.g. ears), distal extremities, and kidneys (skin ulcers).
Deposit on endothelium of blood vessels and initiating → cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, peripheral neuropathy.
Arthralgia and purpura.

Describe Flow of Lymph Node

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After entering the lymph node from afferent lymphatic vessels, lymph flows into subcapsular sinus, then into cortical sinuses, then collects in medullary sinuses.
All of these sinuses drain into the efferent lymph vessels to exit the node at the hilum on the concave side.

Causes of bleeding tendency in HIV?

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Thrombocytopenia via immune-mediated destruction of platelets & megakaryocytes, impaired haematopoiesis due to infection of stromal cells with bone marrow inhibition and immune-mediated inhibition of bone marrow.
Endothelial cell dysfunction of vascular endothelial cells leading to activation of coagulation factors & consumption of coagulation factors.
HIV-related liver disease and decreased production of coagulation factors (especially vitamin K-dependent clotting factors).